The Reform Phase (1900-1920) of the Health Resources Development Period is characterized by:

• A. Social movements to improve health conditions in cities and workplaces
• B. Growth of healthcare facilities and providers
• C. New Deal programs and regulations
• D. Hill-Burton Act requirements

Answer: (A)

During the Reform Phase, the emphasis is on social reform and policy changes aimed at preventing disease by improving living and working conditions in cities and workplaces. This era grappled with rapid urbanization and crowding, so reformers pushed for sanitation upgrades, clean water and sewer systems, better housing standards, safer workplaces, and regulations on foods and medicines. These public-health reforms reflect addressing social determinants of health rather than simply expanding hospitals or medical facilities. That’s why this option—that social movements to improve health conditions in urban and workplace settings—best fits this period. The other options point to later developments: expanding healthcare facilities and providers describes the Growth Phase; New Deal programs and regulations and the Hill-Burton Act belong to much later decades focusing on broad national welfare and hospital construction.