The Reform Phase (1900-1920) was characterized by which of the following?

• A. Social movements to improve health conditions in cities and workplaces
• B. Rapid growth in hospital facilities
• C. Establishment of MAP-IT
• D. Healthy People 2030 publication

Answer: (A)

The Reform Phase focused on using social reform and government action to prevent illness by addressing where people live and work. It highlighted urban sanitation, clean water, housing conditions, factory and workplace safety, child labor protections, vaccination efforts, and the creation of organized public health systems at local and state levels. This shift reflects how public health during this period aimed to reduce disease through policy, environment, and community organization rather than relying solely on medical treatment. That’s why describing it as social movements to improve health conditions in cities and workplaces best captures the era's move toward prevention and public health infrastructure. Other options belong to different times or broader trends not defining this phase: rapid growth in hospital facilities pertains more to clinical care expansion, while MAP-IT and Healthy People 2030 are modern planning tools developed long after the early 20th century.